Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions

Research article

Relationships between undergraduate medical students’ attitudes toward communication skills learning and demographics in Zambia: a survey-based descriptive study: Mercy Ijeoma Okwudili Ezeala, John Volk; J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2023;20:16. Published online June 1, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2023.20.16

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Purpose
This study aimed to detect relationships between undergraduate students’ attitudes toward communication skills learning and demographic variables (such as age, academic year, and gender). Understanding these relationships could provide information for communication skills facilitators and curriculum planners on structuring course delivery and integrating communication skills training into the medical curriculum.
Methods
The descriptive study involved a survey of 369 undergraduate students from 2 medical schools in Zambia who participated in communication skills training stratified by academic year using the Communication Skills Attitude Scale. Data were collected between October and December 2021 and analyzed using IBM SPSS for Windows version 28.0.
Results
One-way analysis of variance revealed a significant difference in attitude between at least 5 academic years. There was a significant difference in attitudes between the 2nd and 5th academic years (t=5.95, P˂0.001). No significant difference in attitudes existed among the academic years on the negative subscale; the 2nd and 3rd (t=3.82, P=0.004), 4th (t=3.61, P=0.011), 5th (t=8.36, P˂0.001), and 6th (t=4.20, P=0.001) academic years showed significant differences on the positive subscale. Age showed no correlation with attitudes. There was a more favorable attitude to learning communication skills among the women participants than among the men participants (P=0.006).
Conclusion
Despite positive general attitudes toward learning communication skills, the difference in attitude between the genders, academic years 2 and 5, and the subsequent classes suggest a re-evaluation of the curriculum and teaching methods to facilitate appropriate course structure according to the academic years and a learning process that addressees gender differences.

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Attitudes toward learning communication skills among Iranian medical students
Naser Yousefzadeh Kandevani, Ali Labaf, Azim Mirzazadeh, Pegah Salimi Pormehr
BMC Medical Education.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Review

The effectiveness of cultural competence education in enhancing knowledge acquisition, performance, attitudes, and student satisfaction among undergraduate health science students: a scoping review: Elio Arruzza, Minh Chau; J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2021;18:3. Published online February 24, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2021.18.3

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Purpose
Cultural competence in healthcare assists in the delivery of culturally sensitive and high-quality services. This scoping review aims to provide an overview of the available evidence and to examine the effectiveness of classroom-based intervention strategies used to enhance the cultural competence of undergraduate health science students.
Methods
A comprehensive and systematic literature search was undertaken in databases, including Cochrane Library, Medline, and Emcare. Articles were eligible if they employed an experimental study design to assess classroom-based cultural competency education for university students across the health science disciplines. Two reviewers independently screened and extracted relevant data pertaining to study and participant characteristics using a charting table. The outcomes included knowledge, attitudes, skills, and perceived benefits.
Results
Ten studies were analysed. Diverse approaches to cultural education exist in terms of the mode, frequency, and duration of interventions. For the knowledge outcome, students who experienced cultural education interventions yielded higher post-test scores than their baseline cultural knowledge, but without a significant difference from the scores of students who did not receive interventions. Data relating to the skills domain demonstrated positive effects for students after experiencing interventions. Overall, students were satisfied with their experiences and demonstrated improvements in confidence and attitudes towards culturally competent practice.
Conclusion
Across health science disciplines, cultural competency interventions were shown to be effective in enhancing knowledge acquisition, performance of skills, attitudes, and student satisfaction. Future research is necessary to address the significant absence of control arms in the current literature, and to assess long-term effects and patient-related outcomes.

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Proceedings From the Advances in Surgery Channel Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Series: Lessons Learned From Asian Academic Surgeons
Tracy S. Wang, Eugene S. Kim, Quan-Yang Duh, Ankush Gosain, Lillian S. Kao, Anai N. Kothari, Susan Tsai, Jennifer F. Tseng, Allan Tsung, Kasper S. Wang, Steven D. Wexner
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Research articles

Evaluation of student perceptions with 2 interprofessional assessment tools—the Collaborative Healthcare Interdisciplinary Relationship Planning instrument and the Interprofessional Attitudes Scale—following didactic and clinical learning experiences in the United States: Vincent Dennis, Melissa Craft, Dale Bratzler, Melody Yozzo, Denise Bender, Christi Barbee, Stephen Neely, Margaret Robinson; J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2019;16:35. Published online November 5, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2019.16.35

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Purpose
This study investigated changes in students’ attitudes using 2 validated interprofessional survey instruments—the Collaborative Healthcare Interdisciplinary Relationship Planning (CHIRP) instrument and the Interprofessional Attitudes Scale (IPAS)—before and after didactic and clinical cohorts.
Methods
Students from 7 colleges/schools participated in didactic and clinical cohorts during the 2017–2018 year. Didactic cohorts experienced 2 interactive sessions 6 months apart, while clinical cohorts experienced 4 outpatient clinical sessions once monthly. For the baseline and post-cohort assessments, 865 students were randomly assigned to complete either the 14-item CHIRP or the 27-item IPAS. The Pittman test using permutations of linear ranks was used to determine differences in the score distribution between the baseline and post-cohort assessments. Pooled results were compared for the CHIRP total score and the IPAS total and subdomain scores. For each score, 3 comparisons were made simultaneously: overall baseline versus post-didactic cohort, overall baseline versus post-clinical cohort, and post-didactic cohort versus post-clinical cohort. Alpha was adjusted to 0.0167 to account for simultaneous comparisons.
Results
The baseline and post-cohort survey response rates were 62.4% and 65.9% for CHIRP and 58.7% and 58.1% for IPAS, respectively. The post-clinical cohort scores for the IPAS subdomain of teamwork, roles, and responsibilities were significantly higher than the baseline and post-didactic cohort scores. No differences were seen for the remaining IPAS subdomain scores or the CHIRP instrument total score.
Conclusion
The IPAS instrument may discern changes in student attitudes in the subdomain of teamwork, roles, and responsibilities following short-term clinical experiences involving diverse interprofessional team members.

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Interprofessional communication skills training to improve medical students’ and nursing trainees’ error communication - quasi-experimental pilot study
Lina Heier, Barbara Schellenberger, Anna Schippers, Sebastian Nies, Franziska Geiser, Nicole Ernstmann
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Development and implementation of interprofessional education activity among health professions students in Jordan: A pilot investigation
Osama Y. Alshogran, Zaid Al-Hamdan, Alla El-Awaisi, Hana Alkhalidy, Nesreen Saadeh, Hadeel Alsqaier
Journal of Interprofessional Care.2023; 37(4): 588. CrossRef
Tools for faculty assessment of interdisciplinary competencies of healthcare students: an integrative review
Sharon Brownie, Denise Blanchard, Isaac Amankwaa, Patrick Broman, Marrin Haggie, Carlee Logan, Amy Pearce, Kesava Sampath, Ann-Rong Yan, Patrea Andersen
Frontiers in Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
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Kim G. Adcock, Sally Earl
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Segun J. Showande, Tolulope P. Ibirongbe
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To IPAS or not to IPAS? Examining the construct validity of the Interprofessional Attitudes Scale in Hong Kong
Fraide A. Ganotice, Amy Yin Man Chow, Kelvin Kai Hin Fan, Ui Soon Khoo, May Pui San Lam, Rebecca Po Wah Poon, Francis Hang Sang Tsoi, Michael Ning Wang, George L. Tipoe
Journal of Interprofessional Care.2022; 36(1): 127. CrossRef
Turkish adaptation of the interprofessional attitude scale (IPAS)
Mukadder Inci Baser Kolcu, Ozlem Surel Karabilgin Ozturkcu, Giray Kolcu
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Patient participation in interprofessional learning and collaboration with undergraduate health professional students in clinical placements: A scoping review
Catrine Buck Jensen, Bente Norbye, Madeleine Abrandt Dahlgren, Anita Iversen
Journal of Interprofessional Education & Practice.2022; 27: 100494. CrossRef
Can interprofessional education change students’ attitudes? A case study from Lebanon
Carine J. Sakr, Lina Fakih, Jocelyn Dejong, Nuhad Yazbick-Dumit, Hussein Soueidan, Wiam Haidar, Elias Boufarhat, Imad Bou Akl
BMC Medical Education.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

Impact of interprofessional education on students of the health professions: a systematic review: Amy Leigh Dyess, Jordyn Shelby Brown, Natasha Dianne Brown, Katherine Merrill Flautt, Lisa Jayroe Barnes; J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2019;16:33. Published online October 23, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2019.16.33

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Purpose
Interprofessional education (IPE) is a concept that allows students from different health professions to learn with and from each other as they gain knowledge about their chosen professions and the professions of their colleagues. The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the effectiveness of IPE in the academic preparation of students of the health professions.
Methods
A search was conducted of the PubMed and CINAHL databases using the following eligibility criteria: IPE including students from 3 or more healthcare professions, IPE exposure within academic coursework, measurement of attitudes and/or perceptions as outcomes, and quantitative reporting of results. Articles were screened by title, abstract, and full text, and data were extracted.
Results
The search yielded 870 total articles. After screening, 7 articles remained for review. All studies reported a positive impact of IPE on the education of students of the health professions.
Conclusion
Evidence showed that IPE activities were an effective tool for improving attitudes toward interdisciplinary teamwork, communication, shared problem-solving, and knowledge and skills in preparation for collaboration within interdisciplinary teams.

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Attitudes toward rehabilitating inmates among occupational therapy students in the United States: Sarah Catherine Tucker, Hon Keung Yuen; J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2019;16:6. Published online March 25, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2019.16.6

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Purpose
This study was to examine occupational therapy (OT) students’ attitudes toward rehabilitating inmates and validate an instrument used to measure their attitudes.
Methods
OT students (n=128) from one university in Alabama, United States, completed an online survey exploring their attitudes toward rehabilitating inmates, which was assessed using the Rehabilitation Orientation Scale (ROS), a 7-point scale. Dimensional structure, internal consistency reliability, construct validity, and relations to other variables of the ROS was evaluated using factor analyses, Cronbach’s alpha, known-groups method, and univariable correlations, respectively.
Results
Unidimensionality of the ROS was confirmed with an alpha coefficient of 0.90. The mean ROS score of the respondents was 5.1; a score toward 7 indicated a more supportive attitude. About 60% of the respondents reported supportive attitudes (i.e., an ROS score ≥5). Respondents’ ROS scores were significantly higher than those of the public and criminal justice professionals. Female students reported a more supportive attitude than males. Multiple regression analysis indicated that respondents’ consideration of working in prison settings after graduation and their perception that OT has a role in prison settings were significantly associated with support for rehabilitating inmates, after controlling for gender and an acquaintance with someone who has been incarcerated.
Conclusion
Results indicated that the ROS demonstrated adequate psychometric properties as it applied to this population. The majority of respondents reported supportive attitudes toward rehabilitating inmates. Consideration of working in prison settings after graduation and the perception that OT has a role in prison settings were 2 independent factors associated with respondents’ attitudes toward rehabilitating inmates.

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Justice-Based Occupational Therapy: A Scoping Review
Jaime P. Muñoz, Abigail Catalano, Yinao Wang, Gesina A. Phillips
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Research Article

Comparison of effect between group discussion and educational booklet on Iranian nursing students’ attitude and practice toward patient privacy: Mohsen Adib-Hajbaghery, Mona Faraji; J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2016;13:29. Published online July 28, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2016.13.29

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Purpose
This study aimed to compare the effects between group discussion and educational booklet on nursing students’ attitude and practice toward patient privacy in Iran. Methods: A two-group, pre-test and post-test design study was conducted in 2015. The study was conducted on 60 nursing students in Kashan, Iran who were randomly allocated into two groups to be trained on patient privacy either through group discussion or by an educational booklet. The students’ attitude and practice were assessed before and after the education using a questionnaire and a checklist. Data analysis was performed through paired t-test, Wilcoxon signed ranks test, and independent samples t-tests. Results: Before the intervention, no significant differences were found between the group designated to group discussion and those designated to the educational booklet in the mean overall score of attitude (P=0.303) and practice (P=0.493) toward patient privacy. After the intervention, the mean attitude score significantly increased in the two groups (P=0.001). Moreover, the students’ practice score was increased in the discussion group while it did not significantly change in the booklet group (P=0.001). Conclusion: Both methods were effective on the students’ attitude; however, the educational booklet did not affect their practice toward patient privacy. Group discussion can effectively improve the students’ attitude and practice toward patient privacy.

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Pendidikan Kesehatan Menggunakan Metode Buzz Group Discussion di TK
Sartini Risky, Erwin Azizi Jayadipraja, Lodes Hadju, Lisnawati Lisnawati
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Rahim Baghaei, Somaieh Razmara Iranagh, Nazafarin Ghasemzadeh, Yaser Moradi
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Zeynep KIZILCIK ÖZKAN, Semra ÇİL EYİ, Zeliha MAYDA
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Brief Report

Pre-clinical versus clinical medical students’ attitudes towards the poor in the United States: Danial Jilani, Ashley Fernandes, Nicole Borges; J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2015;12:52. Published online November 1, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2015.12.52

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This study assessed the poverty-related attitudes of pre-clinical medical students (first and second years) versus clinical medical students (third and fourth years). First through fourth year medical students voluntarily completed the Attitude Towards Poverty scale. First and second year students were classified together in the preclinical group and third and fourth year students together in the clinical group. A total of 297 students participated (67% response rate). Statistically significant differences were noted between pre-clinical and clinical students for scores on the subscales personal deficiency (P<0.001), stigma (P=0.023), and for total scores (P=0.016). Scores across these subscales and for total scores were all higher in the clinical group. The only subscale which did not show statistical significance between pre-clinical and clinical students was the structural perspective. Medical students in their clinical training have a less favorable attitude towards the poor than their preclinical counterparts.

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Medical students attitudes toward and intention to work with the underserved: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Edouard Leaune, Violette Rey-Cadilhac, Safwan Oufker, Stéphanie Grot, Roy Strowd, Gilles Rode, Sonia Crandall
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Research Articles

Correlation of burnout syndrome with specific coping strategies, behaviors, and spiritual attitudes among interns at Yale University, New Haven, USA: Benjamin R. Doolittle, Donna M. Windish; J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2015;12:41. Published online August 1, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2015.12.41

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Abstract PDF

Purpose
This study aimed to determine the correlation of burnout syndrome with specific coping strategies, behaviors, and spiritual attitudes among interns in internal medicine, primary care, and internal medicine/pediatrics residency programs at two institutions. Methods: Intern physicians completed anonymous voluntary surveys prior to starting the internship in June 2009 and in the middle of the internship in February 2010. Three validated survey instruments were used to explore burnout, coping, and spiritual attitudes: the Maslach Burnout Inventory, the COPE Inventory, and the Hatch Spiritual Involvement and Beliefs Scale. The interns were in programs at the Yale University School of Medicine and a Yale-affiliated community hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. Results: The prevalence of self-identified burnout prior to starting the internship was 1/66 (1.5%) in June 2009, increasing to 10/53 (18.9%) in February 2010 (P<0.0001). From June 2009 to February 2010, the prevalence of high emotional exhaustion increased from 30/66 (45.5%) to 45/53 (84.9%) (P<0.0001), and that of high depersonalization increased from 42/66 (63.6%) to 45/53 (84.9%) (P=0.01). Interns who employed the strategies of acceptance and active coping were less likely to experience emotional exhaustion and depersonalization (P<0.05). Perceptions of high personal accomplishment was 75.5% and was positively correlated with total scores on the Hatch Spiritual Involvement and Beliefs Scale, as well as the internal/fluid and existential/meditative domains of that instrument. Specific behaviors did not impact burnout. Conclusion: Burnout increased during the intern year. Acceptance, active coping, and spirituality were correlated with less burnout. Specific behaviors were not correlated with burnout domains.

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Promoting collaboration and cultural competence for physician assistant and physical therapist students: a cross-cultural decentralized interprofessional education model: Kathleen De Oliveira, Sara North, Barbra Beck, Jane Hopp; J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2015;12:20. Published online May 27, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2015.12.20

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Purpose
As the United States health care model progresses towards medical teams and the country’s population continues to diversify, the need for health professional education programs to develop and implement culturally specific interprofessional education (IPE) becomes increasingly imperative. A wide range of models exists for delivering and implementing IPE in health education, but none have included the cultural components that are vital in educating the health professional. Methods: A cross-cultural decentralized IPE model for physician assistant (PA) and physical therapy (PT) students was developed. This three-part IPE series was created using an established cultural curricular model and began with the exploration of self, continued with the examination of various dimensions of culture, and concluded with the exploration of the intersection between health and culture. We assessed student satisfaction of the IPE experiences and students’ engagement and attitudes towards IPE using a three-item open-ended questionnaire administered after each cross-cultural activity and the Interprofessional Education Series Survey (IESS) upon the completion of the series. Results: IESS responses showed that PA and PT students reported benefits in interprofessional collaboration and cultural awareness and expressed overall satisfaction with the series. Qualitative analysis revealed growth in student response depth consistent with the scaffolded focus of each IPE module in the series. Conclusion: The trends in this three-part series suggest that institutions looking to develop culturally inclusive IPE educational initiatives may have success through a decentralized model mirroring the effective cultural progression focused on addressing exploration of self, examination of various dimensions of culture, and exploration of the intersection between health and culture.

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Original Articles

Feedback on and knowledge, attitude, and skills at the end of pharmacology practical sessions: P. Ravi Shankar, Nisha Jha, Omi Bajracharya, Sukh B Gurung, Kundan K. Singh; J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2011;8:12. Published online November 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2011.8.12

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Abstract PDF

Concern has been raised about inadequate pharmacology teaching in medical schools and the high incidence of prescribing errors by doctors in training. Modifications in pharmacology teaching have been carried out in many countries. The present study was carried out using a semi-structured questionnaire to obtain students??perceptions of their knowledge, attitudes, and skills with regard to different subject areas related to rational prescribing at the end of two-year activity-based pharmacology practical learning sessions in a private medical school in Nepal. The effectiveness of the sessions and strengths and suggestions to further improve the sessions were also obtained. The median total knowledge, attitude, skills and overall scores were calculated and compared among different subgroups of respondents. The median effectiveness score was also calculated. Eighty of the 100 students participated; 37 were male and 43 female. The median knowledge, attitude, and skills scores were 24, 39, and 23, respectively (maximum scores being 27, 45, and 36). The median total score was 86 (maximum score being 108). The effectiveness score for most subject areas was 3 (maximum 4). The strengths were the activity-based nature of the session, use of videos and role-plays, and repeated practice. Students wanted more sessions and practice in certain areas. They also wanted more resources and an internet connection in the practical room. The skills scores were relatively low. The immediate impact of the sessions was positive. Studies may be needed to assess the long term impact. Similar programs should be considered in other medical schools in Nepal and other developing countries.

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A Study on the Standard of Optician National Licensing Examination by Job Analysis: Won Jin Lee, Chan Hee Won, Ki Choong Mah, Duk Yong Sung, Sung Soo Kang, Do Jin Youk, Hae Jong Park; J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2004;1(1):37-50. Published online January 31, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2004.1.1.37

29,563 View
173 Download
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Abstract PDF

This study shows the optician's job analysis, some questionaire and their analysis. Job description drafed, the standard of questionaire was fixed. Job description is establised on the results of the job analysis by DACUM(Developing A Curriculum Method). The job description formed above 2.15 referred to the results of survey of the importance and perfomance frequency of the job. These elements made a draft of drawing up standard of the Optician National Licensing Examination by Job Analysis.

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