Skip Navigation
Skip to contents

JEEHP : Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions

OPEN ACCESS
SEARCH
Search

Articles

Page Path
HOME > J Educ Eval Health Prof > Volume 16; 2019 > Article
Review
How to execute Context, Input, Process, and Product evaluation model in medical health education
So young Leeorcid, Jwa-Seop Shinorcid, Seung-Hee Lee*orcid

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2019.16.40
Published online: December 28, 2019

Department of Medical Education, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

*Corresponding email: lshcho@snu.ac.kr

Editor: A Ra Cho, Catholic University, Korea

• Received: November 29, 2019   • Accepted: December 28, 2019

© 2019, Korea Health Personnel Licensing Examination Institute

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

prev next
  • 14,236 Views
  • 640 Download
  • 9 Web of Science
  • 12 Crossref
  • 18 Scopus
  • Improvements to education are necessary in order to keep up with the education requirements of today. The Context, Input, Process, and Product (CIPP) evaluation model was created for the decision-making towards education improvement, so this model is appropriate in this regard. However, application of this model in the actual context of medical health education is considered difficult in the education environment. Thus, in this study, literature survey of previous studies was investigated to examine the execution procedure of how the CIPP model can be actually applied. For the execution procedure utilizing the CIPP model, the criteria and indicators were determined from analysis results and material was collected after setting the material collection method. Afterwards, the collected material was analyzed for each CIPP element, and finally, the relationship of each CIPP element was analyzed for the final improvement decision-making. In this study, these steps were followed and the methods employed in previous studies were organized. Particularly, the process of determining the criteria and indicators was important and required a significant effort. Literature survey was carried out to analyze the most widely used criteria through content analysis and obtained a total of 12 criteria. Additional emphasis is necessary in the importance of the criteria selection for the actual application of the CIPP model. Also, a diverse range of information can be obtained through qualitative as well as quantitative methods. Above all, since the CIPP evaluation model execution result becomes the basis for the execution of further improved evaluations, the first attempt of performing without hesitation is essential.
As times change and the education environment changes along with the students, education always possesses an unending possibility of change. Thus, experts are constantly contemplating on how medical health education can be improved. Effective improvements can be achieved when which aspects and how are determined. Thus, the suitable education evaluation method can facilitate the improvement of education.
Various education evaluation models exist depending on the meaning and perspective of the model and Worthen et al. [1] in 1997 categorized these models largely into objective-oriented, management-oriented, consumer-oriented, expertise-oriented, participant-oriented, and adversary- oriented evaluation models [1]. These approaches were summarized by Kim [2], Kim [3], and Sung [4].
The objective-oriented evaluation approach focuses on establishing goals in advance, and then on determining how far the goals have been achieved. However, the emphasis is only on evaluations of outcomes such as the effectiveness of education and student achievement, which can overlook the evaluation of teaching and learning process itself.
The management-oriented evaluation approach considers an evaluation to assist decision making by providing decision makers with the necessary information. The limitation is that it is rather complex to be fully implemented, but this approach allows the evaluator to assess all aspects of the program implementation. In addition, it helps to clarify the focus of the evaluation by helping the evaluator create important questions to be addressed at each stage.
The consumer-oriented evaluation approach regards everything used for education as an education product, and furthermore, conducts education as a service. Accordingly, attention is drawn to what consumers and consumers of education programs want and need. However, this approach can reduce the motivation of teachers and curriculum developers by considering only the consumer’s position.
The expertise-oriented evaluation approach is the oldest and most widely used model, and the method of evaluating education by expert judgment. The limitations of this approach can lead to irrational deliberations, since the weights of the criteria for the trivial and the important are not presented. In addition, manager prejudice can influence the formation of a review team.
The adversary-oriented evaluation approach is able to collect the opinions of the subjects broadly by dealing with all the opposing views in one evaluation, and help shed light on the advantages and disadvantages of the education program.
The participant-oriented evaluation approach attempts to take a holistic approach to humanistic issues in complex contexts and is characterized by value pluralism, and therefore can take a very different approach than other assessment approaches. But subjective or prejudiced interventions in the assessment cannot be ruled out. In addition, by excluding the evaluator’s role in the assessment, the evaluation method itself cannot assume the role of assessment.
Among these, the management-oriented approach provides the necessary information to the decision-maker to help the decision-making [4], and thus, this model type is appropriate in presenting the important information for education improvement.
Representative evaluation models are Alkin’s Center for the Study of Evaluation model and Stufflebeam’s Context, Input, Process, and Product (CIPP) model in the management-oriented approach. The CIPP model is a cyclic evaluation model [5] that can be modified at any time by detecting errors or deficiencies at each stage by providing information on decision-making about program planning, structuring, executing, and improving as well as evaluating activities. Therefore, the CIPP model is suitable for quality management of curriculum [6].
The CIPP evaluation model is most commonly used in the education field [6]. The main characteristic of this model is that the major objective of the evaluation is on improving rather than proving [7]. CIPP is an acronym for Context, Input, Process, and Product. Since evaluation is conducted using detailed criteria regarding these components, they are useful in carrying out systematic and structure evaluations [8].
In the world medical health professions education field, CIPP evaluation model is introduced and used for educational evaluation [9-16]. In addition, many educational sectors in Korea also use the CIPP evaluation model [5,6,9,17-26]. However, only a few studies can be found in educational evaluation in the field of medical health professions education in Korea [8,27]. As such, there are many advantages in evaluating education based on the CIPP model, but there is not much research and utilization in the field of medical education in Korea using the CIPP model. Although the complex characteristics of medical education go through a rather complicated process to implement the CIPP evaluation model [4,28], this study analyzes several previous studies and shows how they can be applied.
In this study, the experience of using the CIPP model to evaluate the “Medical humanities course” at Seoul National University College of Medicine and various previous studies were comprehensively investigated to determine how this model can be executed with what kind of procedure in the context of an actual medical education.
The following procedure is carried out when performing an evaluation using the CIPP model. First, the criteria and indicators are determined. Next, necessary materials and the method with which such materials will be collected for the evaluation are planned. Third, the collected materials are analyzed according to the criteria and indicators of each section of the CIPP model. Lastly, relationships between the CIPP sections are analyzed [8]. Recognizing how the CIPP model can be applied by following these evaluation steps can enhance the level of understanding.
When the ultimate goal of the evaluation is set, the very first step in the evaluation of education is determining the evaluation criteria and indicators. This step is also important in determining the direction of the evaluation. The evaluation criteria refer to the standard, principle, rule, or sign for the evaluation [29]. The criteria, which are the standard of the evaluation, facilitate communication between the evaluator and evaluation requestor regarding the evaluation subject or content based on the evaluation activity [17] as well as systematic judgment [18]. For these reasons, this step of determining the criteria and indicators has sufficient research merit in itself. The process of this step and its results have actually led to a significant research [17-21]. Likewise, the first step of evaluation requires substantial preparation and caliber as this step is significant enough to be regarded as an independent study subject.
The activity of setting the criteria and indicators is as follows. First, these steps are for when literature is used as the basis [8,9,20-22]: interview such as focus group interview [20,21], using the Delphi technique [19], and agreement between experts [8,10-12,19,22].
Understanding what each of the Context, Input, Process, and Product comprising the CIPP model means is important for a systematic evaluation. Context evaluation is the evaluation of the need, problem, asset, and opportunity within a situation [17]. Input evaluation assists in the decision-making of how facilities, human resources, and budget will be determined and constituted to achieve the goal of the education [27]. Process evaluation is the continuous examination of the program execution plan and process records [29]. The assessment of this step provides information regarding the schedule, method of progress, input activity type, and education method related to the education program to the education director so that this information contributes to the smooth progress fitting for the education goal [30]. Product evaluation measures and analyzes the results during and after the education [23] and examines the overall efficacy of the program [17]. This step has to inspect the intended effects, unintended effects, positive effects, as well as negative effects [24].
The CIPP model is employed as the evaluation method in various fields including science education, mathematics education, local education, education research and development, achievements through testing, education reliability of the government, school improvements, teacher training, human resource development, social welfare improvement, services of non-profit organizations, and technical development [25]. As the model can be utilized in various fields, the criteria can be diversely set according to the characteristics of the institution and program for evaluation, evaluation objective, evaluation context, and evaluation characteristics. Table 1 shows the criteria of literature and it can be observed that various criteria were used depending on the evaluation objective and field, which included institution evaluation, education evaluation, nursing education, and medical education.
However, the following common criteria can be obtained when content analysis was conducted for these criteria based on their frequency (Table 2): goals (6) and necessity or needs (5) had the highest frequency for context evaluation, material resources andfacilities (6), human resources (6), contents (5), and curriculum (3) for input evaluation, educational and service process (7), program evaluation (4), and educational courses and programs (3) for process evaluation, and finally, global satisfaction (5), students’ and service achievement (4), and program performance (4) for product evaluation. These results can become resourceful for future study and evaluations based on the CIPP model.
When evaluating a college on medical curriculum or education program, the education objective, achievement, focus, and operation guideline have to be considered [8]. Drawing up a blueprint by integrating these elements with each element of the CIPP model contributes to the systematic decision-making through the evaluation.
The material collection method determination and material collection can be largely divided into the method for quantitative evaluation and the method for qualitative evaluation as shown in Table 1. Stufflebeam and Shinkfield [7] presented material collection methods possible for each CIPP element. For context, system analysis, survey study, literature survey, public hearings, interviews, diagnostic assessment, and the Delphi technique were presented; for input, available human and material resources, resolution strategy, design procedure, possibility and economic analysis, literature survey, pilot program survey, advocacy groups, and pilot attempt were presented; for process, procedural disorder identification and accidental disorder awareness, detailed information acquisition for scheduled decision-making, description of the actual process, continuous interaction with the program operation staff, and observation of their activities were presented; for product, operational definition and measurement of the performance standards and collection of judgments by interested parties were presented. These various techniques can be used as methods of material collection for actual evaluation, and among them, the methods presented in Table 1 were mainly used in published academic papers. Specifically, quantitative material collection is possible through questionnaire, literature survey, and grades. For qualitative material collection, the methods of short answer surveys, interviews, meeting minutes, curriculum, syllabus, and literature were used in previous studies.
As shown in Table 1, in many cases, students and professors were included as subjects of material collection. However, there were also many cases where various related people were included as subjects. In order to persuade various people, it is necessary to understand the relationships between various related people and their evaluation demands through multi-faceted evaluation methods [31].
The CIPP evaluation model was developed with the purpose of providing systematic information for decision-making as a proactive evaluation from the very beginning. Thus, an evaluation is defined as a process for planning, obtaining, and providing useful information necessary for determining decision-making solutions [32]. In the CIPP evaluation model, 4 types of decisions are made to improve the evaluation subject and these decisions are planning, structuring, implementation, and recycling. Planning decision sets the objectives, structuring decision composes the procedural method necessary to achieve these objectives, implementation is a practical decision regarding the selected procedure, and recycling decision determines the continuation, termination, and modification of the program [24]. For these 4 decision types, the CIPP evaluation model proposed by Stufflebeam and Shinkfield [7] involved the goals, plans, actions, and outcomes of the core value of the program being examined and modified through the context evaluation, input evaluation, process evaluation, and product evaluation, respectively [17]. In detail, decision-making regarding objective determination, order of priority, and distribution guideline can be done through context evaluation. With regard to the selection of strategy for the program, the collected information can become a guideline and can be put into the design of detailed procedure through the input evaluation. Process evaluation contributes to execution guidelines and product evaluation contributes to guidelines for termination, continuation, modification, and initiation [7].
Meanwhile, the results of each element can not only be utilized for the improvement of the corresponding elements but also the relationship between them can be identified for improvement. In the 2019 study by Lee et al. [8], a need to actively reflect the demands and capacity of the students was observed in the context evaluation, and this impacted the input, process, and product aspects as well. In addition, the strategy in the input element was positive but there was a need to faithfully carry out the execution of the original plan in the process element. Another study in 2012 by Al-Khathami [11] showed that problems found in the process also affected the product. Likewise, since education is a continuing, single system, relationships between the elements can be identified to make improvements, and when the analysis for each CIPP model element is completed, important messages can be obtained when the relationships between the elements are determined.
Up to now, various previous studies were investigated with a focus on the CIPP evaluation model and explored from a practical perspective on which procedures and methods were employed. These results showed that evaluations using the CIPP model, which can be considered rather difficult, can provide the basis for education improvement and no longer be considered a tough task.
With regard to the execution of this model, the setting of the criteria has to be emphasized once more. The model may not be able to address unplanned evaluation questions [13]. Thus, this setting of the criteria can act as a definitive evidence that determines whether an evaluation is successful.
Especially, the omission of evaluation of unset parts becomes more vulnerable for quantitative evaluations. In this regard, a method of material collection that can cover this criteria determination is collecting as much qualitative material as possible. These materials can contribute in obtaining a diverse range of opinions that quantitative materials cannot explain.
Rather than utilizing a single group such as the student group as the evaluation material collection source, having a balanced perspective of various interested parties regarding education can improve the reliability and validity of an evaluation, which can then be utilized as convincing base data.
In this study, even if there is any hesitation in using the CIPP evaluation model due to realistic resource limitations despite completely understanding the CIPP evaluation model and recognizing its importance, it is recommended that the attempt be carried through because the result of the evaluation conducted now can be used as the basis for determining the criteria and material collection method of a future CIPP evaluation to be carried out.

Authors’ contributions

Conceptualization: SYL, SHL, JSS. Data curation: SYL. Formal analysis: SYL, SHL. Methodology: SYL, SHL. Project administration: SHL, SYL. Visualization: SYL. Writing–original draft: SYL. Writing–review & editing: SYL, SHL, JSS.

Conflict of interest

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Funding

None.

Data availability

None.

None.
Supplement 1. Audio recording of the abstract.
jeehp-16-40-abstract-recording.avi
Table 1.
Literature regarding the criteria for each CIPP model element
Item Author Category Context Input Process Product
Proposal by Stuffelbeam, founder of CIPP Model Stufflebeam and Shinkfield [7] (1985) Criteria Define institution situation; learner identification and demand inspection; search for demand satisfaction opportunity; problem diagnosis and determination of objective appropriacy System capability, solution program strategy, design procedure of strategy execution, budget, schedule check Flaw check or prediction of procedures in progress or the execution process; information provision for preplanned sequential decisions; report and judgment of events and activities regarding the execution Collection of technology/judgment regarding achievements; linkage with information on the objective, situation, input, process; value and advantage analysis
Material collection method Utilization of systems analysis, survey study, literature survey, public hearings, interviews, diagnostic assessment, Delphi technique Available human and material resources, resolution strategy, design procedure, possibility and economic analysis, literature survey, pilot program survey, advocacy groups, pilot attempt procedural disorder identification and accidental disorder awareness, detailed information acquisition for scheduled decision-making, describe the actual process, continuous interaction with the program operation staff, and observation or their activities Operational definition and measurement of the performance standards and collection of the judgments by the interested parties, qualitative/quantitative analysis
Purpose Necessary for decision-making regarding education objective and purpose when education begins (provide standard of change plans, performance judgment): use in the decision-making for education planning Necessary for support resource, resolution strategy, and design procedure selection (provide the basis for change activity composition, execution process judgment basis): use in the decision-making for education structuralization Necessary for program planning, procedure, and improvement; necessary for actual situation basis provision in performance analysis: use in the decision-making for education execution Operational definition and measurement of the performance standard; collection of judgments by interested parties regarding the performance; qualitative/quantitative analysis: use in the decision-making for recycling
Institution Jung and Moon [26] (2013) Criteria Service demand and situation, service objective domain Budget, human resource management, facility and resource environment, service operation and content Service activity, service satisfaction, service evaluation Service application, service performance
School Shin et al. [19] (2018) Criteria Demand analysis, objective setting Execution plan (human resource, procedure, support system, etc.), performance detail Program activity, program management and evaluation Program performance (achievement, satisfaction, effectiveness)
Nursing Kim and Son [27] (2017) Criteria Intention and necessity contents of hospital introduction, senior nurses’ working experience Composition and facilitation Usefulness of the program, feeling involvement through activities, global satisfaction
Material collection method Questionnaire Questionnaire Questionnaire Questionnaire
Medical health professions Ashghali-Farahani et al. [14] (2018) Criteria Inappropriate infrastructure; unknown duties Biomedical approach; incomprehensive curriculum; lack of professional NICU nursing mentors; inappropriate admission process of NICU students; lack of NICU skill labs More emphasize on theoretical education; the overlap of credits with each other and the inconsistency among the mentor; ineffective assessment Preferring routine work instead of professional job; tendency to leave the job; clitical incompetency of graduates; dissatisfaction of graduates
Material collection method Semi-structured interview; open question
Target of evaluation NICU student, NICU graduate nurse, neonatologist, faculty member, nurse
Neyazi et al. [10] (2016) Criteria Goals, organization and management area Interest and understanding of students towards field and labor market; faculty members; research and educational spaces and equipment Student research activity; educational courses and programs, teaching and learning process; student progress evaluation; evaluated factors for graduates Efficiency of research and educational programs, teaching and learning process to increase knowledge and job performance of graduates
Material collection method Researcher-made questionnaires inspired from the CIPP model and internal evaluation literatures
Target of evaluation Students, graduates
Al-Khathami [11] (2012) Criteria Achievement of program goals; barriers to achieve goals, objectives, and needs Alternative procedural design for: contents, academic sessions, hospital sessions, half day release sessions Process involved in to learning activities; trainers; theoretical sessions; clinical sessions Overall impression about the program; barriers to achieve goals, objectives, and needs; assessment tools; enjoyment; satisfaction
Material collection method Questionnaire (quantitative, qualitative)
Target of evaluation Trainee
Yarmohammadian and Mohebbi [15] (2015) Criteria Human specialists and scientific services for needs of the local community Head of department, faculty, Activities of group manager, students, administrators -
students, curriculum, funding, training facilities of library; scientific research and teaching–learning activities of faculty
Material collection method Questionnaire
Target of evaluation Directorates, faculty members, students, and library staff
Neyazi et al. [12] (2016) Criteria Goals, management, and organization area Facility and spaces Educational courses and programs, learning and teaching process; administration and financial; program evaluation Graduates
Material collection method Questionnaire
Target of evaluation Department head, faculty members, and library staff
Rooholamini et al. [9] (2017) Criteria Perceptions of learning; perceptions of teachers; academic self-perceptions; perceptions of the environment; social self-perceptions Content of curriculum The process of learning; process of teaching Students’ performance; the process of teaching and learning
Material collection method Review of current evidence on integration; consultation with experts; Modified Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) A researcher made questionnaire 1: researcher–made questionnaires for evaluating the quality of each integrated course; 2: researcher–made questionnaires for evaluating the quality of early clinical exposure 1: learner centered integrated basic science, portfolios; 2: brainstorming (students); 3: semi-structured interview (professors of basic sciences)
Target of evaluation Students, faculty and administrators Faculties and curriculum committee First and second year medical students First and second year medical students; professors of basic sciences
Lee et al. [8] (2019) Criteria Goals, necessity or needs Available input resources (human and material resources); educational strategy Implementation according to plan; evaluation of the program by students Goal achievement; satisfaction of the curriculum
Material collection method Questionnaire, FGI, meeting minutes, syllabus, curriculum Questionnaire, FGI, meeting minutes, time table Questionnaire, FGI, meeting minutes, syllabus Questionnaire, FGI, meeting minutes, grades
Target of evaluation Students, faculty

CIPP, Context, Input, Process, and Product; NICU, newborn intensive care unit; FGI, focus group interview.

Table 2.
Content analysis of previous studies in Table 1 according to the reference frequency for each Context, Input, Process, and Product model section
Item Context Input Process Product
Keywords extracted by content analysis (frequency) Goals (6); necessity or needs (5); infrastructure (2); organization (2); management (2); intention (1); duties (1); barriers to achieve goals (1) Material resources, facilities (6); human resource (6); contents (5); curriculum (3); funding (2); academic approach (1); admission process of students (1); interest and understanding of students (1); educational and strategy (1); implement plan (1) Educational and service process (7); program evaluation (4); educational courses and programs (3); student progress evaluation (2); composition (1); facilitation (1); administration and financial (1); service satisfaction (1) Global satisfaction (5); students’ and service achievement (4); program performance (4); efficiency of research and educational programs to increase knowledge and performance (1); barriers to achieve goals (1); the process of teaching and learning (1)
  • 1. Worthen BR, Sanders JR, Fitzpartrick JL. Program evaluation: alternative approached and practical guidelines. New York (NY): Longman; 1997.
  • 2. Kim HS. Supplier-centered evaluation model. In: Kim HS, editor. Theory and practice of educational programme evaluation. Paju: Kyoyookbook; 2015. p. 45-164.
  • 3. Kim HS. Type of educational evaluation. In: Baek SG, editor. Theory and practice of educational evaluation. Paju: yoyookbook; 2019. p. 33-76.
  • 4. Sung TJ. Evaluation model and school evaluation. In: Sung TJ, editor. Modern educational evaluation. Seoul: Hakjisa; 2011. p. 477-505.
  • 5. Kang CY. Development of evaluation model and indicators for school curriculum. Sejong: Ministry of Education; 2013. p. 146 p.
  • 6. Kim OJ. A study on the measures for managing the quality of curriculum of early childhood education department in college with the application of CIPP model based on PDCA. J Korea Converg Soc 2019;10:215-226. https://doi.org/10.15207/JKCS.2019.10.1.215 Article
  • 7. Stufflebeam DL, Shinkfield AJ. Systematic evaluation: a self-instructional guide to theory and practice. Dordrecht: Springer; 1985. p. 368 p.
  • 8. Lee SY, Lee SH, Shin JS. Evaluation of medical humanities course in college of medicine using the Context, Input, Process, and Product evaluation model. J Korean Med Sci 2019;34:e163. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2019.34.e163 ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 9. Rooholamini A, Amini M, Bazrafkan L, Dehghani MR, Esmaeilzadeh Z, Nabeiei P, Rezaee R, Kojuri J. Program evaluation of an integrated basic science medical curriculum in Shiraz Medical School, using CIPP evaluation model. J Adv Med Educ Prof 2017;5:148-154. PubMedPMC
  • 10. Neyazi N, Arab PM, Farzianpour F, Mahmoudi Majdabadi M. Evaluation of selected faculties at Tehran University of Medical Sciences using CIPP model in students and graduates point of view. Eval Program Plann 2016;59:88-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2016.06.013 ArticlePubMed
  • 11. Al-Khathami AD. Evaluation of Saudi family medicine training program: the application of CIPP evaluation format. Med Teach 2012;34 Suppl 1:S81-S89. https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2012.656752 ArticlePubMed
  • 12. Neyazi N, Arab M, Farzianpour F, Mahmoudi M. Identifying weaknesses in undergraduate programs within the context input process product model framework in view of faculty and library staff in 2014. Korean J Med Educ 2016;28:185-194. https://doi.org/10.3946/kjme.2016.29 ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
  • 13. Mirzazadeh A, Gandomkar R, Hejri SM, Hassanzadeh G, Koochak HE, Golestani A, Jafarian A, Jalili M, Nayeri F, Saleh N, Shahi F, Razavi SH. Undergraduate medical education programme renewal: a longitudinal context, input, process and product evaluation study. Perspect Med Educ 2016;5:15-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40037-015-0243-3 ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
  • 14. Ashghali-Farahani M, Ghaffari F, Hoseini-Esfidarjani SS, Hadian Z, Qomi R, Dargahi H. Neonatal intensive care nursing curriculum challenges based on Context, Input, Process, and Product evaluation model: a qualitative study. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res 2018;23:111-118. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijnmr.IJNMR_3_17 ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 15. Yarmohammadian MH, Mohebbi N. Review evaluation indicators of health information technology course of master’s degree in medical sciences universities’ based on CIPP Model. J Educ Health Promot 2015;4:28. https://doi.org/10.4103/2277-9531.154122 ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 16. Frye AW, Hemmer PA. Program evaluation models and related theories: AMEE guide no. 67. Med Teach 2012;34:e288-e299. https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2012.668637 ArticlePubMed
  • 17. Yi BJ, Park JY, Park EH. A study of the assessment model for art museum educational programs. Art Educ Rev 2009;33:385-404.
  • 18. Cho YS, Lee YS. Development of evaluation criteria for school consulting based on the CIPP evaluation model. Korean J Educ Adm 2015;33:277-301.
  • 19. Shin YJ, Kim ST, Song HD. Development of evaluation indicators for Job capability strengthening program for vocational high school with application of CIPP evaluation model. J Vocat Educ Res 2018;37:1-23. Article
  • 20. Jang ES, Hwang HS. Development of assessment criteria for education and training program of government-financed scientific and technical research institute based on CIPP. Korean J Technol Educ 2015;15:323-341.
  • 21. Jung KY, Choi YH. Development of assessment criteria for scientific technology education program by science museum based on CIPP. Korean J Technol Educ 2011;11:85-103.
  • 22. Lee YM. Examining the perceived impacts of training programs for small and midium-sized corporation employees’ competency development on their performance, using the CIPP evaluation model. J Train Dev 2012;(24):1-20.
  • 23. Kim DR, Yum SC. Developing an evaluation scale for the college tutoring program based on the cipp model. Educ Res 2017;39:63-84.
  • 24. Jung JG. Clarification and implementation of CIPP evaluation for the improvement of education. J Educ Res 2000;21:103-121.
  • 25. Baik Y. Study on effects of arts education in ‘2011 Orchestra of Dream’ applied CIPP model. J Arts Cult Manag 2012;5:29-50.
  • 26. Jung SH, Moon YG. A study on developing an index for evaluating social service using the CIPP model. J Korea Policy Res 2013;13:233-254.
  • 27. Kim YJ, Son EG. A Study on Satisfaction of New Nurse Orientation Program Applying CIPP Evaluation Model Focusing on Affiliated Hospitals of an Educational Foundation in South Korea. J Korea Acad Ind Coop Soc 2017;18:226-235. https://doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2017.18.9.226 Article
  • 28. Mennin S. Self-organisation, integration and curriculum in the complex world of medical education. Med Educ 2010;44:20-30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2009.03548.x ArticlePubMed
  • 29. Stufflebeam DL, Shinkfield AJ. Evaluation theory, models, and application. San Francisco (CA): Jossey-Bass; 2007. p. 764 p.
  • 30. Stufflebeam DL, Coryn CL. Research methods for the social sciences: evaluation theory, models, and application. 2nd ed. San Francisco (CA): Jossey-Bass; 2007. p. 800 p.
  • 31. Baek SG, Yu YL. An educational policy evaluation on the 2009 secondary school teacher appointment examination. J Educ Eval 2008;21:69-91.
  • 32. Stufflebeam DL. The relevance of the CIPP evaluation model for educational accountability. J Res Dev Educ 1971;5:19-25.

Figure & Data

References

    Citations

    Citations to this article as recorded by  
    • Evaluation of the Maryland Next Gen Test Bank Project: Implications and Recommendations
      Desirée Hensel, Diane M. Billings, Rebecca Wiseman
      Nursing Education Perspectives.2024; 45(4): 225.     CrossRef
    • Development of a blended teaching quality evaluation scale (BTQES) for undergraduate nursing based on the Context, Input, Process and Product (CIPP) evaluation model: A cross-sectional survey
      Yue Zhao, Weijuan Li, Hong Jiang, Mohedesi Siyiti, Meng Zhao, Shuping You, Yinglan Li, Ping Yan
      Nurse Education in Practice.2024; 77: 103976.     CrossRef
    • Internal evaluation of medical programs is more than housework: A scoping review
      Sujani Kodagoda Gamage, Tanisha Jowsey, Jo Bishop, Melanie Forbes, Lucy-Jane Grant, Patricia Green, Helen Houghton, Matthew Links, Mark Morgan, Joan Roehl, Jessica Stokes-Parish, Rano Mal Piryani
      PLOS ONE.2024; 19(10): e0305996.     CrossRef
    • Self-care educational guide for mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review on identifying self-care domains, approaches, and their effectiveness
      Zarina Haron, Rosnah Sutan, Roshaya Zakaria, Zaleha Abdullah Mahdy
      Belitung Nursing Journal.2023; 9(1): 6.     CrossRef
    • Evaluation of the Smart Indonesia Program as a Policy to Improve Equality in Education
      Patni Ninghardjanti, Wiedy Murtini, Aniek Hindrayani, Khresna B. Sangka
      Sustainability.2023; 15(6): 5114.     CrossRef
    • Exploring Perceptions of Competency-Based Medical Education in Undergraduate Medical Students and Faculty: A Program Evaluation
      Erica Ai Li, Claire A Wilson, Jacob Davidson, Aaron Kwong, Amrit Kirpalani, Peter Zhan Tao Wang
      Advances in Medical Education and Practice.2023; Volume 14: 381.     CrossRef
    • The Evaluation of China's Double Reduction Policy: A Case Study in Dongming County Mingde Primary School
      Danyang Li , Chaimongkhon Supromin, Supit Boonlab
      International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies Science Reviews.2023; 3(6): 437.     CrossRef
    • Exploring the Components of the Research Empowerment Program of the Faculty Members of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Iran Based on the CIPP Model: A Qualitative Study
      Mostafa Jafari, Susan Laei, Elham Kavyani, Rostam Jalali
      Educational Research in Medical Sciences.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Adapting an Integrated Program Evaluation for Promoting Competency‐Based Medical Education
      Hyunjung Ju, Minkyung Oh, Jong-Tae Lee, Bo Young Yoon
      Korean Medical Education Review.2021; 23(1): 56.     CrossRef
    • Changes in the accreditation standards of medical schools by the Korean Institute of Medical Education and Evaluation from 2000 to 2019
      Hyo Hyun Yoo, Mi Kyung Kim, Yoo Sang Yoon, Keun Mi Lee, Jong Hun Lee, Seung-Jae Hong, Jung –Sik Huh, Won Kyun Park
      Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions.2020; 17: 2.     CrossRef
    • Human Resources Development via Higher Education Scholarships: A Case Study of a Ministry of Public Works and Housing Scholarship Program
      Abdullatif SETİABUDİ, Muchlis. R. LUDDIN, Yuli RAHMAWATI
      International e-Journal of Educational Studies.2020; 4(8): 209.     CrossRef
    • Exploring Components, Barriers, and Solutions for Faculty Members’ Research Empowerment Programs Based on the CIPP Model: A Qualitative Study
      Mostafa Jafari, Soosan Laei, Elham Kavyani, Rostam Jalali
      Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology.2020; 9(4): 213.     CrossRef

    How to execute Context, Input, Process, and Product evaluation model in medical health education
    How to execute Context, Input, Process, and Product evaluation model in medical health education
    Item Author Category Context Input Process Product
    Proposal by Stuffelbeam, founder of CIPP Model Stufflebeam and Shinkfield [7] (1985) Criteria Define institution situation; learner identification and demand inspection; search for demand satisfaction opportunity; problem diagnosis and determination of objective appropriacy System capability, solution program strategy, design procedure of strategy execution, budget, schedule check Flaw check or prediction of procedures in progress or the execution process; information provision for preplanned sequential decisions; report and judgment of events and activities regarding the execution Collection of technology/judgment regarding achievements; linkage with information on the objective, situation, input, process; value and advantage analysis
    Material collection method Utilization of systems analysis, survey study, literature survey, public hearings, interviews, diagnostic assessment, Delphi technique Available human and material resources, resolution strategy, design procedure, possibility and economic analysis, literature survey, pilot program survey, advocacy groups, pilot attempt procedural disorder identification and accidental disorder awareness, detailed information acquisition for scheduled decision-making, describe the actual process, continuous interaction with the program operation staff, and observation or their activities Operational definition and measurement of the performance standards and collection of the judgments by the interested parties, qualitative/quantitative analysis
    Purpose Necessary for decision-making regarding education objective and purpose when education begins (provide standard of change plans, performance judgment): use in the decision-making for education planning Necessary for support resource, resolution strategy, and design procedure selection (provide the basis for change activity composition, execution process judgment basis): use in the decision-making for education structuralization Necessary for program planning, procedure, and improvement; necessary for actual situation basis provision in performance analysis: use in the decision-making for education execution Operational definition and measurement of the performance standard; collection of judgments by interested parties regarding the performance; qualitative/quantitative analysis: use in the decision-making for recycling
    Institution Jung and Moon [26] (2013) Criteria Service demand and situation, service objective domain Budget, human resource management, facility and resource environment, service operation and content Service activity, service satisfaction, service evaluation Service application, service performance
    School Shin et al. [19] (2018) Criteria Demand analysis, objective setting Execution plan (human resource, procedure, support system, etc.), performance detail Program activity, program management and evaluation Program performance (achievement, satisfaction, effectiveness)
    Nursing Kim and Son [27] (2017) Criteria Intention and necessity contents of hospital introduction, senior nurses’ working experience Composition and facilitation Usefulness of the program, feeling involvement through activities, global satisfaction
    Material collection method Questionnaire Questionnaire Questionnaire Questionnaire
    Medical health professions Ashghali-Farahani et al. [14] (2018) Criteria Inappropriate infrastructure; unknown duties Biomedical approach; incomprehensive curriculum; lack of professional NICU nursing mentors; inappropriate admission process of NICU students; lack of NICU skill labs More emphasize on theoretical education; the overlap of credits with each other and the inconsistency among the mentor; ineffective assessment Preferring routine work instead of professional job; tendency to leave the job; clitical incompetency of graduates; dissatisfaction of graduates
    Material collection method Semi-structured interview; open question
    Target of evaluation NICU student, NICU graduate nurse, neonatologist, faculty member, nurse
    Neyazi et al. [10] (2016) Criteria Goals, organization and management area Interest and understanding of students towards field and labor market; faculty members; research and educational spaces and equipment Student research activity; educational courses and programs, teaching and learning process; student progress evaluation; evaluated factors for graduates Efficiency of research and educational programs, teaching and learning process to increase knowledge and job performance of graduates
    Material collection method Researcher-made questionnaires inspired from the CIPP model and internal evaluation literatures
    Target of evaluation Students, graduates
    Al-Khathami [11] (2012) Criteria Achievement of program goals; barriers to achieve goals, objectives, and needs Alternative procedural design for: contents, academic sessions, hospital sessions, half day release sessions Process involved in to learning activities; trainers; theoretical sessions; clinical sessions Overall impression about the program; barriers to achieve goals, objectives, and needs; assessment tools; enjoyment; satisfaction
    Material collection method Questionnaire (quantitative, qualitative)
    Target of evaluation Trainee
    Yarmohammadian and Mohebbi [15] (2015) Criteria Human specialists and scientific services for needs of the local community Head of department, faculty, Activities of group manager, students, administrators -
    students, curriculum, funding, training facilities of library; scientific research and teaching–learning activities of faculty
    Material collection method Questionnaire
    Target of evaluation Directorates, faculty members, students, and library staff
    Neyazi et al. [12] (2016) Criteria Goals, management, and organization area Facility and spaces Educational courses and programs, learning and teaching process; administration and financial; program evaluation Graduates
    Material collection method Questionnaire
    Target of evaluation Department head, faculty members, and library staff
    Rooholamini et al. [9] (2017) Criteria Perceptions of learning; perceptions of teachers; academic self-perceptions; perceptions of the environment; social self-perceptions Content of curriculum The process of learning; process of teaching Students’ performance; the process of teaching and learning
    Material collection method Review of current evidence on integration; consultation with experts; Modified Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) A researcher made questionnaire 1: researcher–made questionnaires for evaluating the quality of each integrated course; 2: researcher–made questionnaires for evaluating the quality of early clinical exposure 1: learner centered integrated basic science, portfolios; 2: brainstorming (students); 3: semi-structured interview (professors of basic sciences)
    Target of evaluation Students, faculty and administrators Faculties and curriculum committee First and second year medical students First and second year medical students; professors of basic sciences
    Lee et al. [8] (2019) Criteria Goals, necessity or needs Available input resources (human and material resources); educational strategy Implementation according to plan; evaluation of the program by students Goal achievement; satisfaction of the curriculum
    Material collection method Questionnaire, FGI, meeting minutes, syllabus, curriculum Questionnaire, FGI, meeting minutes, time table Questionnaire, FGI, meeting minutes, syllabus Questionnaire, FGI, meeting minutes, grades
    Target of evaluation Students, faculty
    Item Context Input Process Product
    Keywords extracted by content analysis (frequency) Goals (6); necessity or needs (5); infrastructure (2); organization (2); management (2); intention (1); duties (1); barriers to achieve goals (1) Material resources, facilities (6); human resource (6); contents (5); curriculum (3); funding (2); academic approach (1); admission process of students (1); interest and understanding of students (1); educational and strategy (1); implement plan (1) Educational and service process (7); program evaluation (4); educational courses and programs (3); student progress evaluation (2); composition (1); facilitation (1); administration and financial (1); service satisfaction (1) Global satisfaction (5); students’ and service achievement (4); program performance (4); efficiency of research and educational programs to increase knowledge and performance (1); barriers to achieve goals (1); the process of teaching and learning (1)
    Table 1. Literature regarding the criteria for each CIPP model element

    CIPP, Context, Input, Process, and Product; NICU, newborn intensive care unit; FGI, focus group interview.

    Table 2. Content analysis of previous studies in Table 1 according to the reference frequency for each Context, Input, Process, and Product model section


    JEEHP : Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions
    TOP