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History article
History of the medical licensure system in Korea from the late 1800s to 1992
Sang-Ik Hwang
J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2024;21:36.   Published online December 9, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2024.21.36
  • 237 View
  • 71 Download
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
The introduction of modern Western medicine in the late 19th century, notably through vaccination initiatives, marked the beginning of governmental involvement in medical licensure, with the licensing of doctors who performed vaccinations. The establishment of the national medical school “Euihakkyo” in 1899 further formalized medical education and licensure, granting graduates the privilege to practice medicine without additional examinations. The enactment of the Regulations on Doctors in 1900 by the Joseon government aimed to define doctor qualifications, including modern and traditional practitioners, comprehensively. However, resistance from the traditional medical community hindered its full implementation. During the Japanese colonial occupation of the Korean Peninsula from 1910 to 1945, the medical licensure system was controlled by colonial authorities, leading to the marginalization of traditional Korean medicine and the imposition of imperial hierarchical structures. Following liberation in 1945 from Japanese colonial rule, the Korean government undertook significant reforms, culminating in the National Medical Law, which was enacted in 1951. This law redefined doctor qualifications and reinstated the status of traditional Korean medicine. The introduction of national examinations for physicians increased state involvement in ensuring medical competence. The privatization of the Korean Medical Licensing Examination led to the establishment of the Korea Health Personnel Licensing Examination Institute in 1992, which assumed responsibility for administering licensing examinations for all healthcare workers. This shift reflected a move towards specialized management of professional standards. The evolution of the medical licensure system in Korea illustrates a dynamic process shaped by the historical context, balancing the protection of public health with the rights of medical practitioners.
Review
The legality and appropriateness of keeping Korean Medical Licensing Examination items confidential: a comparative analysis and review of court rulings  
Jae Sun Kim, Dae Un Hong, Ju Yoen Lee
J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2024;21:28.   Published online October 15, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2024.21.28
  • 596 View
  • 189 Download
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
This study examines the legality and appropriateness of keeping the multiple-choice question items of the Korean Medical Licensing Examination (KMLE) confidential. Through an analysis of cases from the United States, Canada, and Australia, where medical licensing exams are conducted using item banks and computer-based testing, we found that exam items are kept confidential to ensure fairness and prevent cheating. In Korea, the Korea Health Personnel Licensing Examination Institute (KHPLEI) has been disclosing KMLE questions despite concerns over exam integrity. Korean courts have consistently ruled that multiple-choice question items prepared by public institutions are non-public information under Article 9(1)(v) of the Korea Official Information Disclosure Act (KOIDA), which exempts disclosure if it significantly hinders the fairness of exams or research and development. The Constitutional Court of Korea has upheld this provision. Given the time and cost involved in developing high-quality items and the need to accurately assess examinees’ abilities, there are compelling reasons to keep KMLE items confidential. As a public institution responsible for selecting qualified medical practitioners, KHPLEI should establish its disclosure policy based on a balanced assessment of public interest, without influence from specific groups. We conclude that KMLE questions qualify as non-public information under KOIDA, and KHPLEI may choose to maintain their confidentiality to ensure exam fairness and efficiency.
Research article
Is it possible to introduce an interview to the Korean Medical Licensing Examination to assess professional attributes?: a survey-based observational study  
Seung-Joo Na, HyeRin Roh, Kyung Hee Chun, Kyung Hye Park, Do-Hwan Kim
J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2022;19:10.   Published online May 10, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2022.19.10
  • 3,699 View
  • 293 Download
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Purpose
This study aimsed to gather opinions from medical educators on the possibility of introducing an interview to the Korean Medical Licensing Examination (KMLE) to assess professional attributes. Specifically following topics were dealt with: the appropriate timing and tool to assess unprofessional conduct; ; the possiblity of prevention of unprofessional conduct by introducing an interview to the KMLE; and the possibility of implementation of an interview to the KMLE.
Methods
A cross-sectional study approach based on a survey questionnaire was adopted. We analyzed 104 pieces of news about doctors’ unprofessional conduct to determine the deficient professional attributes. We derived 24 items of unprofessional conduct and developed the questionnaire and surveyed 250 members of the Korean Society of Medical Education 2 times. Descriptive statistics, cross-tabulation analysis, and Fisher’s exact test were applied to the responses. The answers to the open-ended questions were analyzed using conventional content analysis.
Results
In the survey, 49 members (19.6%) responded. Out of 49, 24 (49.5%) responded in the 2nd survey. To assess unprofessional conduct, there was no dominant timing among basic medical education (BME), KMLE, and continuing professional development (CPD). There was no overwhelming assessment tool among written examination, objective structured clinical examination, practice observation, and interview. Response rates of “impossible” (49.0%) and “possible” (42.9%) suggested an interview of the KMLE prevented unprofessional conduct. In terms of implementation, “impossible” (50.0%) was selected more often than “possible” (33.3%).
Conclusion
Professional attributes should be assessed by various tools over the period from BME to CPD. Hence, it may be impossible to introduce an interview to assess professional attributes to the KMLE, and a system is needed such as self-regulation by the professional body rather than licensing examination.
History Article
History of the medical licensing examination (uieop) in Korea’s Goryeo Dynasty (918-1392)  
Kyung-Lock Lee
J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2015;12:19.   Published online May 26, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2015.12.19
  • 33,749 View
  • 190 Download
  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
This article aims to describe the training and medical licensing system (uieop) for becoming a physician officer (uigwan) during Korea’s Goryeo Dynasty (918-1392). In the Goryeo Dynasty, although no license was necessary to provide medical services to the common people, there was a licensing examination to become a physician officer. No other national licensing system for healthcare professionals existed in Korea at that time. The medical licensing examination was administered beginning in 958. Physician officers who passed the medical licensing examination worked in two main healthcare institutions: the Government Hospital (Taeuigam) and Pharmacy for the King (Sangyakguk). The promotion and expansion of medical education differed depending on the historical period. Until the reign of King Munjong (1046-1083), medical education as a path to licensure was encouraged in order to increase the number of physician officers qualifying for licensure by examination; thus, the number of applicants sitting for the examination increased. However, in the late Goryeo Dynasty, after the officer class of the local authorities (hyangri) showed a tendency to monopolize the examination, the Goryeo government limited the examination applications by this group. The medical licensing examination was divided into two parts: medicine and ‘feeling the pulse and acupuncture’ (jugeumeop). The Goryeo Dynasty followed the Chinese Dang Dynasty’s medical system while also taking a strong interest in the Chinese Song Dynasty’s ideas about medicine.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • LİYAKAT TEMELLİ BÜROKRASİ: KORE KAMU SINAVLARI (GWAGEO) (958-1894) - THE MERIT-BASED BUREAUCRACY: THE CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATION (GWAGEO) IN KOREA (958-1894)
    Murat KAÇER
    Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi.2018; 10(26): 754.     CrossRef
Technical Report
Best-fit model of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of the 2010 Medical Council of Canada Qualifying Examination Part I clinical decision-making cases  
André F. Champlain
J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2015;12:11.   Published online April 15, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2015.12.11
  • 34,076 View
  • 220 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
  • 2 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
This study aims to assess the fit of a number of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis models to the 2010 Medical Council of Canada Qualifying Examination Part I (MCCQE1) clinical decision-making (CDM) cases. The outcomes of this study have important implications for a range of domains, including scoring and test development. Methods: The examinees included all first-time Canadian medical graduates and international medical graduates who took the MCCQE1 in spring or fall 2010. The fit of one- to five-factor exploratory models was assessed for the item response matrix of the 2010 CDM cases. Five confirmatory factor analytic models were also examined with the same CDM response matrix. The structural equation modeling software program Mplus was used for all analyses. Results: Out of the five exploratory factor analytic models that were evaluated, a three-factor model provided the best fit. Factor 1 loaded on three medicine cases, two obstetrics and gynecology cases, and two orthopedic surgery cases. Factor 2 corresponded to pediatrics, and the third factor loaded on psychiatry cases. Among the five confirmatory factor analysis models examined in this study, three- and four-factor lifespan period models and the five-factor discipline models provided the best fit. Conclusion: The results suggest that knowledge of broad disciplinary domains best account for performance on CDM cases. In test development, particular effort should be placed on developing CDM cases according to broad discipline and patient age domains; CDM testlets should be assembled largely using the criteria of discipline and age.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Exploratory Factor Analysis of a Computerized Case-Based F-Type Testlet Variant
    Yavuz Selim Kıyak, Işıl İrem Budakoğlu, Dilara Bakan Kalaycıoğlu, Özlem Coşkun
    Medical Science Educator.2023; 33(5): 1191.     CrossRef
  • The key-features approach to assess clinical decisions: validity evidence to date
    G. Bordage, G. Page
    Advances in Health Sciences Education.2018; 23(5): 1005.     CrossRef

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